January 15, 2019

International Trade

Venezuela goes to WTO to contest Colombia fuel import rules

Venezuela has launched a complaint at the World Trade Organization to challenge Colombia’s restrictions on the distribution of liquid fuels imported from Venezuela, a filing published by the WTO showed on Monday. Venezuela said Colombia was illegally discriminating against its fuel exports by imposing “a series of distribution and licensing measures, and product surcharges, market access measures and pricing policies” on Venezuelan fuel. Colombia has 60 days to settle the dispute or Venezuela could ask the WTO to adjudicate, although the ability of the Geneva-based body to keep refereeing such disputes is in doubt due to a U.S. block on judicial appointments. (Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-colombia-wto/venezuela-goes-to-wto-to-contest-colombia-fuel-import-rules-idUSKCN1P8256)

 

Oil & Energy

U.S. considers harshest Venezuela sanctions yet, on oil

The U.S. is evaluating whether to impose tougher sanctions against Venezuela’s military and vital oil industry, a senior Trump administration official said Monday, as it seeks to ratchet up pressure on authoritarian leader Nicolás Maduro to hold free and fair elections. The Trump administration is considering a range of measures including curtailing the flow of Venezuelan oil to the U.S., the official said, in what could be the harshest blow to the country's money supply. No final decision has been made. (The Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-considers-harshest-venezuela-sanctions-yet-on-oil-11547510165)

 

Dominican Republic moving to take back Venezuela shares in refinery

The Dominican Today news site reported that the Dominican government has initiated negotiations to buy the 49% stake held by PDV Caribe, a subsidiary of Venezuela’s State-owned PDVSA, in the Dominican Petroleum Refinery (REFIDOMSA PDV). PDV Caribe has reportedly yet to agree to sell its stake and, "if the Venezuelan company doesn’t agree to the sale, the Dominican State would be forced into litigation declaring the country’s only refinery eminent domain and a matter of national security", REFIDOMSA PDV CEO Felix Jimenez is reported to have said. Jimenez reportedly does not expect the process - initiated last December - to be affected by Santo Domingo’s decision not to recognize the legitimacy of Venezuela president Nicolas Maduro. (Loop Jamaica: http://www.loopjamaica.com/content/dom-rep-also-moving-take-back-venezuela-shares-refinery)

 

Venezuela’s crisis threatens U.S. control over oil prices

The Russian bear is on the prowl once again as President Putin seeks to expand Moscow’s influence and bolster the one-time superpower’s global influence while proving to constituents he can restore Russia’s superpower mantle. As demonstrated by his policy in Ukraine in 2014, Moscow seeks to take advantage of regional conflicts to extend its authority and geopolitical power base while bolstering its economy. One country benefitting from Putin’s largesse is crisis-ridden and cash strapped Venezuela which has the world’s largest crude oil reserves. Moscow has been using Venezuela’s deepening economic and political crisis to strengthen its relationship with the highly unpopular socialist regime of President Maduro. That has included providing a financial lifeline to cash strapped Caracas and especially state-controlled energy company Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. known by its initials as PDVSA. With few friends elsewhere, Russia has become a key ally for the strife-torn nation causing Maduro to leap at the opportunity provided by Moscow. Russia has shown itself willing to be a creditor of last resort for Maduro. In exchange for moderate loans, cash advances, bail outs and arms over the last five years since Maduro came to power, Moscow has secured significant interests in five of Venezuela’s largest oil fields. The Maduro regime has also signed over almost half of its downstream, refinery and infrastructure business CITGO to Russian state-controlled oil giant Rosneft for US$ 1.5 billion in urgently needed funds. That includes giving Moscow indirect interests in CITGO’s U.S. refining assets. This is quite a prize for Moscow. It not only bolsters its oil reserves, infrastructure and assets in a country which hold the world’s largest oil reserves, but it gives Russia a strategic presence in a region long considered to be exclusively under U.S. hegemony. It appears that Russia is not interested in the survival of the Maduro regime but rather to evade existing sanctions, apply political pressure to the U.S. and boost its oil reserves, refining capacity and production. (Oil Price: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/venezuela-crisis-threatens-u-control-200000843.html)

 

Commodities

Venezuela to refine tons of gold in Turkey amid US sanctions

Venezuela and Turkey are working on a deal to ship tons of gold to refine and certify in the Turkish city of Corum this year. Facing sanctions and international pressure, Venezuela is increasingly turning to Turkey as a partner in the Middle East. Ankara will provide a host of services to Caracas, including building hospital and schools and providing humanitarian aid as a part of the gold refining deal. Venezuelan Minister of Industries and National Production Tareck El Aissami will finalize a deal on the gold trade during a visit to Turkey on Wednesday. He will also tour an industrial complex in Corum, where Ahlatci Metal company has a refinery with an annual capacity of 365 tons, according to a spokesperson from the Turkish precious metals company. Aissami is visiting Turkey amid US sanctions against Venezuelan gold imports, which are further debilitating the country's failing economy that is in need of fresh capital. Aissami himself is targeted by a set of sanctions by the European Union and the US due to allegations of corruption and drug trafficking. The new deal has been in the making since Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s visit to Venezuela in December. Erdogan had personally introduced businessman Ahmet Ahlatci to president Nicolas Maduro as a likely candidate to refine the gold. Mehmet Ozkan, a former Turkish official who worked on bilateral relations with Venezuela until last year, said that the main objective was to refine the raw metal and create a capital inflow to Venezuela, likely in the form of services because of US sanctions that prohibit financial institutions from dealing with Venezuela in dollars. (Middle East Eye: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/venezuela-intends-refine-tons-gold-turkey-amid-us-sanctions-378492428)

 

Maduro opponent says Hezbollah is exploiting Venezuela gold mines

An MP opposed to President Nicolas Maduro revealed that the Lebanese Hezbollah group was exploiting gold mines in his country in order to finance its “destabilizing terrorist activity in the Middle East.” MP Americo De Grazia said that the armed group owns two mines in the Orinoco Mining Arc project that is supported by Maduro. He said that cooperation between the Venezuelan government and Hezbollah is mutually beneficial for both parties. The government, he explained, was generating a lot of revenues from the partnership, while the group was making economic profits and avoiding international sanctions. (Asharq-Al-Awsat: https://aawsat.com/english)

 

Economy & Finance

Venezuela congress seeks freeze on Maduro government foreign accounts

Venezuela’s opposition-run congress is considering a measure that would ask dozens of foreign governments to seek a freeze on bank accounts controlled by the government of President Nicolas Maduro. Congress will formally request that governments instruct regulatory agencies to “prohibit any movement of liquid assets by the Venezuelan state in local bank accounts” due to the Maduro government’s lack of legitimacy, according to one of the documents. The governments include those in the United States, European Union, and Latin American neighbors such as Chile and Brazil. (Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuela-congress-seeks-freeze-on-maduro-government-foreign-accounts-document-idUSKCN1P920G)

 

Maduro increases minimum wage by 300% as inflation approaches 2 million per cent

Nicolás Maduro has raised the country’s minimum wage by 300% as part of routine wage increases as his government battles hyperinflation. Maduro increased the minimum wage to 18,000 bolivars, around £5.20, per month amid an economy suffering from annual inflation nearing two million per cent. He announced his economic plans at the start of his second, disputed, term on Monday, as calls increased for him to surrender power. (The Independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-minimum-wage-nicolas-maduro-bolivars-inflation-a8728716.html; Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuelas-maduro-hikes-minimum-wage-as-economy-struggles-idUSKCN1P81RN; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-wage/venezuelas-maduro-hikes-minimum-wage-300-percent-idUSKCN1P82E2)

 

Russia offers Venezuela plan on revitalizing economy

Russia has proposed Venezuela an informal plan to revive the country's economy and is waiting for a response from Caracas, Russian Deputy Finance Minister Sergey Storchak told Sputnik on Tuesday. "We have made a proposal [to Venezuela]. An informal one. Traditionally, a project is devised after consultations and partners provide a response to this project", the official said on the sidelines of the Gaidar Forum. He also addressed the deal on restructuring Venezuela's debt to Russia. "Agreements have already been reached. They are making payments in line with a new schedule", Storchak added. (Sputnik News: https://sputniknews.com/latam/201901151071490301-russia-venezuela-economy/)

 

Politics and International Affairs

Venezuelan parliament declares Maduro illegitimate, and urges defections

Leaders of Venezuela’s opposition on Tuesday set in motion a plan to try to oust President Nicolas Maduro and create a caretaker government until new elections can be held. The National Assembly, the opposition-controlled legislative body, declared Maduro illegitimate, hoping to trigger a Constitutional mechanism that would allow the head of the National Assembly to take over the leadership. It was not immediately clear what effect the move would have or how Maduro’s government would react. The National Assembly has been largely powerless since Venezuela’s Supreme Court, which is packed by Maduro loyalists, attempted to dissolve it in March 2017. But pressure has been growing on Maduro both domestically and abroad since the president was sworn in for his second term last week. Not long after the ceremony, an opposition leader who is head of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, said he would be ready to take over as president and call fair elections if Venezuelans and the armed forces backed him. He quickly received support from Luis Almagro, the secretary general of the Organization of American States, who began calling Mr. Guaidó the country’s “interim president,” and from Vice President Mike Pence. Mr. Pence said in a message posted on Twitter Sunday that the United States “strongly supports the courageous decision by Juan Guaidó” to “declare the country’s presidency vacant.” Mr. Guaidó was briefly taken into custody by members of Venezuelan intelligence service on Sunday, then released. In an interview, he said he had been able to convince the officers that the opposition’s plan to remove Mr. Maduro was constitutional and would help the country.  The fact that Mr. Guaidó was released may indicate cracks in the security apparatus that has kept Mr. Maduro in power until now. Mr. Guaidó said on Monday that opposition leaders believed they stood a good chance of seizing power from Mr. Maduro and convening a new election. The key would be to persuade those who remain loyal to the government that they can switch allegiances and help rebuild a country devastated by an economic meltdown, acute food and medicine shortages and rampant violence. (The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/world/americas/juan-guaido-nicolas-maduro-venezuela.html)

 

Trump considering recognizing opposition leader as legitimate President of Venezuela

President Donald Trump is considering recognizing Venezuela's opposition leader as the legitimate president of the country, three sources familiar with the matter told CNN, a significant move that would increase pressure on President Nicolas Maduro. The Venezuelan opposition, the United States and dozens of other countries have decried Maduro's presidency illegitimate and the country's constitution says a presidential vacancy can be filled by the president of the National Assembly. National Security Council spokesman Garrett Marquis declined to confirm that Trump is weighing this step, but said the US has "expressed its support for Juan Guaido, who as President of the democratically-elected National Assembly has courageously declared his constitutional authority to invoke Article 233 and call for free and fair elections." Secretary of State Mike Pompeo calls Nicolas Maduro government in Venezuela 'illegitimate' The Trump administration is also considering leveling its harshest set of sanctions yet against Venezuela's oil industry, weighing actions as severe as a full-fledged embargo of Venezuelan oil, two sources briefed on the matter said. A full oil embargo would cause gas prices to rise by 15 cents a gallon for about six months, a former senior administration official said of the analysis. The Organization of American States said last week that its member nations voted 19-6, with eight abstentions, to not recognize the legitimacy of Maduro's government. One of those nations, Paraguay, announced Thursday it was breaking diplomatic relations with Venezuela and closing its embassy there. And Republican Sen. Marco Rubio on Tuesday said he asked Trump to recognize Guaido as "the legitimate transitional President of Venezuela if the National Assembly invokes Article 233 of the constitution." In a statement on Friday, National Security Adviser John Bolton expressed US support for "the courageous decision of the National Assembly President, Juan Guaido, to invoke protections under Venezuela's constitution and declare that Maduro does not legitimately hold the country's presidency." And after Guaido was briefly detained Sunday by Venezuelan government operatives, Pence lambasted Maduro as a "dictator with no legitimate claim to power" and reiterated Bolton's support for Guaido. As the US weighs recognizing Guaido, it must also contend with whether the Venezuelan opposition -- which has been divided on whether Guaido should be sworn in as president while Maduro remains in office -- is ready to take the step. (CNN: https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/15/politics/trump-juan-guaido-venezuela/index.html; McClatchy: https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/latin-america/article224566420.html)

 

Venezuela's opposition stirs with lawmaker's emergence

Rallying around a little-known lawmaker, Venezuela’s opposition is stirring for the first time since President Nicolas Maduro crushed mass protests more than a year ago. For months, citizens ravaged by hunger have ignored calls to protest what the U.S. and many other countries have called a rigged election. Now, a trickle of supporters comes to hear Juan Guaido, 35, the new head of the defanged National Assembly, explain how an abstract constitutional provision could make him acting president. But whether Guaido can threaten the two-decade socialist autocracy that has driven the nation to ruin is far from clear. To do that, Guaido faces a Herculean task. In his two-week tenure as head of the assembly, he’s become recognized at home and abroad as Maduro’s top rival. But the largely untested protege of political prisoner Leopoldo Lopez must channel international pressure, unite a fractious opposition and motivate a beaten-down populace. In a Monday speech, Maduro scoffed at the idea of handing Guaido the reins of power. “I’m going to give you the sash, big boy, to see what you do with the country,” Maduro said, referring to the president’s tricolor ceremonial garment. Guaido, a former student leader, entered the assembly just four years ago and became its chief after peers were arrested or forced into exile. How long his platform lasts remains to be seen. Last week, the Constituent Assembly passed a measure that could be the first step toward the legislature’s disappearance. It also threatened treason investigations against lawmakers who back demands by Venezuela’s neighbors that Maduro hand over power. In the meantime, Guaido is convening town-hall meetings to discuss a constitutional provision that, in the absence of a legitimate president, would give the assembly’s head presidential powers to call new elections. So far, he has stopped short of declaring himself acting president, telling Venezuelans he needs the backing of the military and international community. An industrial engineer by training, Guaido more than a decade ago began organizing demonstrations against Chavez after the late leader silenced critics by refusing to renew the broadcast license of Venezuela’s most popular television channel. He formed a close relationship with Lopez, then a Caracas mayor, and later helped him form the Popular Will party. Even with Lopez under house arrest, they talk several times a day. In his short career, Guaido has been applauded for building unity among fellow legislators. His present challenge is to channel the desperate desire for change within the limits of an authoritarian state. (Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-15/venezuela-s-moribund-opposition-stirs-with-lawmaker-s-emergence)

 

Venezuela opposition plans incentives for officers who disavow Maduro

Venezuela’s opposition-led congress is considering offering legal incentives to military officers who disavow President Nicolas Maduro and help lead a transition to a new government, according to four legislators and a draft document seen by Reuters. The proposal, which comes in part at the request of high-ranking officers on active duty, seeks to ensure that defectors from the armed forces would not be persecuted by a future government if they abandon Maduro, according to the legislators, who asked not to be identified. It would apply to officers who “do not obey the orders of the man who has usurped the Presidency of the Republic ... and collaborate with the tradition and re-establishment of constitutional order,” the draft says. (Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-military/venezuela-opposition-plans-incentives-for-officers-who-disavow-maduro-idUSKCN1P52HH)

 

Opposition-controlled Venezuela legislature calls for protest to oust Maduro

Venezuela's opposition-controlled legislature is calling for a mass protest against President Nicolas Maduro in a bid to oust the socialist leader in favor of "a transitional government." The president of the National Assembly, Juan Guaido, said Friday that the constitution gives the legislature the right to assume transitional power after declaring Maduro a "usurper," but said it would need military backing and for people to take to the streets to demand change. "Is it enough to lean on the constitution in a dictatorship? No. It needs to be the people, the military and the international community that lead us to take over," said the 35-year-old Guaido. In response, prisons minister Iris Varela threatened Guaido on Twitter, saying she had a cell ready for him. "I hope you quickly name your cabinet to know who is going to accompany you," Varela said. Guaido called for a mass protest on January 23 -- the day in 1958 on which the military dictatorship of Marcos Perez Jimenez fell. Mass protests demanding Maduro's exit also erupted in 2014 and 2017, leaving around 200 dead and hundreds arrested. (France 24: https://www.france24.com/en/20190112-opposition-controlled-venezuela-legislature-calls-protest-oust-maduro)

 

Leader of Venezuela Congress says he is prepared to assume presidency

The leader of Venezuela’s opposition-led congress said on Friday he was prepared to assume the country’s presidency on an interim basis and call elections, just one day after leftist President Nicolas Maduro was sworn in for a disputed second term. Juan Guaido, said he would only take office with support of the armed forces. “It should be the people of Venezuela, the armed forces, and the international community that give us a clear mandate to assume” the presidency, Guaido said in a speech to supporters outside the United Nations (U.N.) program office in Caracas. (Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/leader-of-venezuela-congress-says-he-is-prepared-to-assume-presidency-idUSKCN1P51U6)

 

Opposition leader Guaido 'not afraid' after detention

Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido on Sunday said that President Nicolas Maduro’s adversaries were “not afraid” even though he was briefly detained by intelligence agents, days after announcing he would be willing to replace the increasingly isolated president. Intelligence agents on Sunday pulled him from his car on the way from the capital, Caracas, to the coastal town of Caraballeda, his wife and opposition legislators said. He was released shortly thereafter, they said. “I want to send a message to Miraflores - the game has changed,” said Guaido, 35, the head of the opposition-run congress, referring to the presidential palace, from a stage surrounded by cheering opposition sympathizers. He said that his recent detention shows the “desperation” of the regime of Nicolas Maduro. “They are desperate at Miraflores (the presidential residence). They don’t know who is giving orders,” the Popular Will (VP) lawmaker told hundreds of people at a public assembly in his home state of Vargas, near Caracas. Guaido arrived at the event two hours behind schedule. Venezuelan Communications Minister Jorge Rodriguez said that the incident was an irregular and unilateral procedure, whereby the agents involved were fired and an investigation opened to determine responsibilities. Guaido told reporters that the official version of events shows that Maduro “no longer controls the armed forces,” which reveals – he said – the “serious problem” within the military. (Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuela-opposition-leader-guaido-not-afraid-after-detention-idUSKCN1P70LZ; Latin American Herald Tribune, http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2473136&CategoryId=10718; Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-13/venezuela-opposition-leader-arrested-by-intelligence-police)

 

Defense minister recognizes Nicolás Maduro as its commander in chief for the period 2019-2025

Venezuela’s Minister of Defense, General Vladimir Padrino López, says the Armed Forces recognize Nicolás Maduro, as their commander-in-chief, as established by the Constitution. He said: “the Bolivarian National Armed Forces reiterates its Bolivarian, anti-imperialist and anti-oligarchic character for the troops of the Armed Forces, the Army, the Aviation, the Guard and the Bolivarian National Militia (...) we recognize as our commander-in-chief - Nicolás Maduro ". Padrino stressed that in this new 2019-2025 presidential term, the FANB with absolute loyalty, will continue to fight for the ideals of independence and sovereignty. He swore, along with the military, “to honor and obey the mandate expressed on May 20th, by the people in free elections”. (Latin American Herald Tribune, http://www.avn.info.ve/contenido/fanb-recognizes-nicol%C3%A1s-maduro-its-commander-chief-period-2019-2025)

 

'Bolsonaro is Hitler!' Venezuela's Maduro exclaims amid Brazil spat

President Nicolas Maduro on Monday called Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro a modern Adolf Hitler, days after Brazil on Saturday said it recognized Juan Guaido, head of Venezuela’s opposition-run Congress, as legitimate president. “Over there we’ve got Brazil in the hands of a fascist - Bolsonaro is a Hitler of the modern era!” Maduro said during a state of the nation speech. Brazil’s government on Saturday issued a statement saying it recognized Venezuela’s Congressional leader, who opposes President Nicolas Maduro, as the rightful president of Venezuela. (Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-brazil/bolsonaro-is-hitler-venezuelas-maduro-exclaims-amid-brazil-spat-idUSKCN1P82FJ; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazil-says-it-recognizes-venezuelan-opposition-leader-as-president-idUSKCN1P60FJ)

 

South America creating regional bloc to counter Venezuela

South American countries are developing a new diplomatic group to replace the UNASUR regional bloc that is heavily influenced by increasingly isolated Venezuela, Colombian President Ivan Duque said on Monday. The new group, called PROSUR, would seek to counteract the influence of what countries in the region call a dictatorship in Venezuela. “We’ve been advancing toward the end of UNASUR and the creation of PROSUR ... a South American platform for the coordination of public policies, the defense of democracy, independent institutions, and market economies,” Duque said in a radio interview. “It is very important that (UNASUR), which has been a supporter of the dictatorship of Venezuela, be shut down,” Duque said. (Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-diplomacy/south-america-creating-regional-bloc-to-counter-venezuela-colombia-idUSKCN1P8287)

 

UN expresses concern over political situation in Venezuela

UN spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric says UN Secretary General António Guterres "is concerned with what he is seeing” in Venezuela, and “is following events closely”. He called on all sides to abstain from “any action or rhetoric” that increases tension. He described Sunday’s detention of the National Assembly president as proof of “polarization” here. More in Spanish: (El Universal, http://www.eluniversal.com/politica/30540/la-onu-expresa-su-preocupacion-por-situacion-politica-en-venezuela)

 

Pompeo says Venezuela's Maduro government is 'illegitimate'

U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo described Venezuela’s government under President Nicolas Maduro as illegitimate on Saturday and said the United States would work with like-minded countries in Latin America to restore democracy there. “The Maduro regime is illegitimate, and the United States will work diligently to restore a real democracy to that country,” Pompeo told reporters in Abu Dhabi, where he is on a tour of Middle East countries. “We are very hopeful we can be a force for good to allow the region to come together to deliver that.” (Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-pompeo/pompeo-says-venezuelas-maduro-government-is-illegitimate-idUSKCN1P60FL)

 

Venezuela claims win in Latin American diplomatic dispute, ignores criticism of Maduro

Venezuela’s government claimed victory on Saturday in a diplomatic quarrel with Latin American countries over a border dispute with Guyana, while ignoring an avalanche of criticism over President Nicolas Maduro’s second term in office. Maduro had warned members of the so-called Lima Group of “diplomatic measures” after they said on Jan. 4 that they would not recognize his second term because Venezuela’s 2018 election was not free or fair. The statement, signed by nations including Brazil, Argentina and Colombia, also expressed concern that Venezuela had violated Guyana’s sovereignty by stopping a ship doing offshore oil exploration on behalf of Exxon Mobil Corp. Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza said at a news conference on Saturday that 10 of the 12 governments that signed the statement had since clarified their position on the Guyana dispute. (Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics/venezuela-claims-win-in-latam-diplomatic-dispute-ignores-criticism-of-maduro-idUSKCN1P60NJ)

 

Venezuela proposes summit for reconciliation with countries of the region

Venezuelan Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza proposed on Saturday a summit of Latin American countries for a session of reconciliation that would do away with political intolerance which, he said, is being applied in the region against the Nicolas Maduro government, whose legitimacy is not accepted by many in the international community.
“We insist on President Nicolas Maduro’s proposal to hold a summit of presidents... and also of a group of countries in the region, which will help achieve an end to this ideological intolerance that has grown in recent years,” the official told reporters this Saturday.Arreaza said the meeting could take place during a summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), whose presidency is currently held by the Salvadoran president and Maduro ally, Salvador Sanchez Ceren. (Latin American Herald Tribune, http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2473108&CategoryId=10717)

 

Venezuela’s maritime claims also include territory of some CARICOM states

Venezuela is seeking to expand its maritime space not only in Guyana’s territory but also in the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and other states, including Colombia, Barbados and Suriname, which must all be vigilant as a result. This warning was issued last Thursday by Guyanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Carl Greenidge and former Minister of Foreign Affairs Rashleigh Jackson, who both pointed out that regular aggression against Guyana by Caracas including the recent interception of an ExxonMobil-contracted vessel in Guyana’s maritime space, has implications not only for Guyana but for the rest of the Caribbean as well. Greenidge and Jackson cautioned against Venezuela’s expansionist approach to increasing its maritime space and enforcing its actions through domestic laws which are not recognized internationally. (Stabroek News: https://www.stabroeknews.com/2019/news/guyana/01/13/venezuelas-maritime-claims-also-include-territory-of-some-caricom-states/)

 

Vatican, Venezuela bishops play ‘good cop/bad cop’ with Maduro

A day after the bishops of Venezuela declared the new presidency of Nicolas Maduro “illegitimate,” Pope Francis sent a Vatican representative to his inauguration. Maduro thanked Monsignor George Koovakod for his “bravery” for coming. Many observers say the apparent contrast isn’t a matter of the Vatican and the bishops being at odds, but rather a classic “good cop, bad cop” diplomatic maneuver. Concerns over legitimacy have led the United States, along with most nations of Latin America and the European Union, to break diplomatic relations with Venezuela. Visible among the few representatives from other countries was Koovakod, a Polish monsignor who was appointed as Chargé d’affaires at the Vatican’s Secretary of State last year.

The Venezuelan crisis is not one the Holy See’s diplomatic team looks at from afar: the substitute, often referred to as the second most important person in the secretariat, comes from this Latin American country, Archbishop Edgar Peña Parra. The secretary of state, Italian Cardinal Pietro Parolin, was handpicked by Francis for the job while he was serving as papal representative in Venezuela. When the Venezuelan bishops were in Rome last September for their ad-limina visit, the matter of the Holy See acknowledging Maduro as the rightful, democratically elected president was brought up by many in the Vatican, including Francis. The situation is complex, and no clear decision was reached during the week-long visit. According to Elisabetta Pique, a long-time Vatican watcher who writes for one of Argentina’s major newspapers, La Nación, the Venezuelan bishops had the green light from the Holy See to declare Maduro’s regime to be illegitimate and the local episcopacy had been consulted about the pros and cons of sending a representative to Maduro’s swearing in. This information suggests that despite Maduro’s attempts to put the bishops and Francis on opposite sides, at the end of the day, it’s no more than another case of the Vatican’s realpolitik at play, confirming the Holy See’s intentions never to break diplomatic relations with a country. The Church’s long-standing tradition of leaving the doors of dialogue and diplomacy open whenever it’s possible does not mean actual support of the local ruling class. In 2016 Francis tried, unsuccessfully, to mediate dialogue efforts between Maduro and the opposition. Despite this, the Vatican’s attention to the Venezuelan situation has remained steady, as seen during the pope’s Christmas speech and his address to the diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See. On both occasions he referred to the situation of Venezuela, and also that of Nicaragua, facing a similar situation and one that could devolve even more rapidly, as the Central American nation is not sitting on top of one of the world’s largest oil reserves. Expressing “hope for beloved Venezuela,” Francis told the diplomats that “peaceful institutional means can be found to provide solutions to the ongoing political, social and economic crisis; means that can make it possible to help all those suffering from the tensions of recent years, and to offer all the Venezuelan people a horizon of hope and peace.” In that speech he said that “the Holy See has no intention of interfering in the life of states; it seeks instead to be an attentive listener, sensitive to issues involving humanity, out of a sincere and humble desire to be at the service of every man and woman.” Many observers saw this as a response from the pope to a letter signed by 20 Latin American former presidents criticizing the pope’s remarks on Christmas Day, when he said he wished this time of “blessing,” referring to the holiday season, would bring “concord” to Venezuela. (The Crux: https://cruxnow.com/church-in-the-americas/2019/01/13/vatican-venezuela-bishops-play-good-cop-bad-cop-with-maduro/)

 

Venezuela blocks Wikipedia after Maduro ‘ousted’ from article, internet watchdog says

Venezuela has blocked access to Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia, becoming only the second country after Turkey to do so, an internet watchdog claimed Sunday. According to NetBlocks, a digital rights group that tracks restrictions to the internet, as of 12 January, Venezuela largest telecommunications provider CANTV has prevented access to Wikipedia in all languages. The internet observatory told Haaretz the ban was discovered by attempting "to access Wikipedia and other services 60,000 times from 150 different points in the country using multiple providers." Wikipedia receives on average 60 million views from the country every month.  According to NetBlocks, the ban was likely imposed after a Wikipedia article listed newly-appointed National Assembly president Juan Guaidó as “president number 51 of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,” ousting Maduro from his presidential status on Wikipedia.  Alp Toker, the head of NetBlocks, explained that the block followed a string of controversial edits on the Spanish-language article for Guaido as well as other related articles.  (Haaretz: https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/internet-watchdog-venezuela-blocks-wikipedia-after-maduro-ousted-from-article-1.6831777)

 

The following brief is a synthesis of the news as reported by a variety of media sources. As such, the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of Duarte Vivas & Asociados and The Selinger Group.

01 December , 2016

International Trade

One day before suspension, Venezuela offers to adhere to MERCOSUR Economic Complementation Agreement

Foreign Minister Delcy Rodríguez says Venezuela is ready to adhere to the MERCOSUR (Common Market of the South) Economic Complementation Agreement #18, which aims at creating conditions for a common market by coordinating macroeconomic policies, tariff reductions and eliminating non-tariff barriers to trade, among others. Her announcement comes one day before a deadline for compliance by Venezuela set by MERCOSUR founding members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The founding members set December 1^st as a deadline for Venezuela to comply with all MERCOSUR standards or have its voting rights suspended indefinitely. In a joint statement, MERCOSUR demanded that Venezuela adopt “close to 300 rules” to comply with its obligations as a full member of the organization. More in Spanish: (El Mundo, http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/economia/politicas-publicas/venezuela-se-adhiere-al-acuerdo-de-complementacion.aspx#ixzz4RUDDRYfP; Infolatam: http://www.infolatam.com/2016/11/29/venezuela-comunica-resto-socios-se-adecuara-normativa-mercosur)

 

89 metric tons of optic fibers have arrived at La Guaira port from Curacao for the National Telephone Company (CANTV), to be used in repairing and maintaining company cables. More in Spanish: (Bolipuertos, http://www.bolipuertos.gob.ve/noticia.aspx?id=34802)

 

Oil & Energy

The OPEC deal is done. Here's what to expect from oil markets next

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries has committed its fractious members to their first oil production limits in eight years. The impact on the energy world was immediate: benchmark oil prices gained as much as 10% in New York and the share prices of energy companies around the globe jumped alongside the currencies of large exporters. Now comes the hard part. OPEC has agreed to cut production by about 1.2 million barrels per day, or about 4.5% of current production, to 32.5 million barrels per day. Top oil exporter Saudi Arabia faces the unenviable tasks of policing cartel members and keeping crude prices within a range that will relieve pressure on oil-producing countries' economies, but which will dissuade non-OPEC producers from increasing output. Analysts broadly expect an agreement to boost oil prices above US$ 50 a barrel and keep them there. Prices have wavered between about US$ 40 and US$ 54 since the spring Commodity watchers also believe the deal will set up a long-awaited balance between oil supply and demand in the first half of next year. But OPEC now has a difficult needle to thread. Oil rigs began popping up in U.S. oil fields when prices approached US$ 50 a barrel, and analysts believe high-cost producers outside OPEC will further ramp up production if crude prices rise above US$ 55 a barrel.  That includes U.S. shale drillers, which have built a backlog of partially completed wells in anticipation of a price recovery. Once prices rise, they could switch on that production-in-waiting. Goldman Sachs believes the deal will cause crude prices to spike in the first half of 2017, and then moderate in the second half as both OPEC and U.S. shale producers capitalize on the rally. But JPMorgan sees prices rising slowly but steadily quarter after quarter. The bank cautioned that the deal is essentially aimed at preventing an even larger buildup of oil stockpiles. Skeptics have long warned that OPEC members are notorious cheaters and may not stick to quotas agreed to in Vienna. But RBC Capital Markets said adherence may not matter so much this time for a simple reason: OPEC members are near full-tilt, and they don't have much more capacity to pump.  Beyond OPEC, other countries aren't helping out those who hope for higher prices, the International Energy Agency said in its latest oil market report. Demand for oil around the world is expected to increase by 1.2 million barrels a day in 2017, a rate of growth that would match this year. The IEA also projects Russia, the world's largest oil producer, to increase its crude output by 230,000 barrels a day this year. The agency says Russia could boost production by another 200,000 barrels a day next year. OPEC said it is seeking to secure 600,000 barrels per day of cuts from non-OPEC producers, and that Russia has committed to temporarily cut production by about 300,000 barrels per day, “conditional on its technical abilities,” Energy Minister Alexander Novak said in Moscow. But implementing the cuts will be difficult for Russia. The Russian government, which owns a majority share in that country's big oil companies, would face a revolt from minority shareholders if it sought to limit production, he said. From a technical perspective, Russia can't turn off the taps, because much of the production comes from areas with freezing temperatures where drillers must keep oil flowing, he added. Prior to OPEC's announcement, the IEA said it also expects Brazil, Canada and Kazakhstan to pump more in 2017. That would push total non-OPEC output growth to 500,000 barrels a day next year, compared with a projected decline of 900,000 barrels a day this year. "This means that 2017 could be another year of relentless global supply growth similar to that seen in 2016," IEA said. OPEC will meet again on May 25 next year, at which point it intends to extend the cuts by another six months, Qatari Energy Minister Mohammed Al Sada told reporters in Vienna. (CNBC: http://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/30/the-opec-deal-is-done-heres-what-to-expect-from-oil-markets-next.html; Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-30/opec-said-to-agree-oil-production-cuts-as-saudis-soften-on-iran; The Wall Street Journal: http://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-deal-to-curb-production-in-doubt-oil-prices-rebound-1480481281)

 

Venezuela to cut 95,000 BPD, but will haunt oil long after Vienna

President Nicolas Maduro has welcomed the OPEC consensus on cutting 1.2 million barrels per day (bpd) in the joint oil production. "I congratulate and thank our OPEC partners for the important agreement we have reached today to stabilize the market," he said in his Twitter account. Oil Minister Eulogio Del Pino said this country will cut 95.000 barrels per day, a 4.6% reduction from 2.06 million BPD to 1.97 million BPD, starting January 1^st; and Venezuela, Kuwait and Algeria will be part of a Ministerial Monetary Committee, established today by OPEC to monitor the development of the oil market.  But Venezuela's officials can't be so sanguine. Venezuela's real GDP per capita has gone from its highest in 3 decades to almost its lowest in the space of about 5 years. So even if Saudi Arabia OPEC does agree to cut production to support prices, Venezuela's problems won't disappear. Which means its status as a wildcard in global oil supply won't, either. PDVSA’s problems are structural, rather than cyclical. The company has never fully recovered from the general strike and subsequent purging under late president Hugo Chavez in 2002 and 2003, with production drifting down even during the boom in oil prices for much of the decade after 2004. Part of the problem is that, as is often the case with state-owned oil companies, PDVSA was a piggy bank for the government. Social expenditure outpaced investment in exploration and production consistently over the past decade. The decline is worse because PDVSA's production has been shifting toward heavier grades of crude oil from the so-called Orinoco oil belt. Heavy oil from the Orinoco belt has risen from 38% of Venezuela's falling output to almost half. This oil is harder to process, and gets priced at a discount. So along with simply producing fewer barrels, Venezuela gets less for each one. Meanwhile, as its lighter oil production declines, it has fewer of those barrels to blend in with the heavier crude to make it palatable to refiners. The consequent need to import more light oil effectively raises the cost of each barrel and drains the country of precious dollar reserves. The traditional discount on Venezuela's basket crude oil price versus Brent has widened out even more in the past couple of years. At this point, PDVSA is straining to keep going. It just got an extension on some debt coming due after weeks of brinkmanship with bondholders. Contractors such as Schlumberger Ltd. -- crucial to holding the line against further declines in oil production -- have reduced activity in Venezuela until unpaid bills are settled. And a large proportion of PDVSA's output is effectively mortgaged to creditors, such as China, or earmarked for subsidized customers, such as Cuba. For all its tribulations, PDVSA will do everything it can to avoid defaulting on its debts, for fear of what would happen if the bond market were closed to it. If oil prices do increase from here, perhaps as result of an OPEC freeze/cut, then that would provide more breathing room for both the national oil champion and the government. Venezuela's structural problems mean it needs more than just temporary breathing room, though. In an extreme scenario, food shortages, rampant inflation and an unpopular government's effective blockage of a recall referendum could lead to widespread civil unrest and possibly a collapse in both oil production and consumption, taking perhaps 1.5 million barrels a day of exports off the global market. That would be the scale of cut OPEC has talked about -- only a de facto one coming out of Caracas rather than Vienna. If prices plunge again in the absence of a credible OPEC cut, then this potential reality comes a bit more into focus. Yet, even if Venezuela avoids such chaos, its existing problems will haunt the oil market for years to come anyway. Remember, even when prices were high, PDVSA's output was declining and turning heavier. Having dropped by about 300,000 barrels a day this year, it could easily drop by the same amount next year -- which would equate to one quarter of the expected increase in global oil demand. That would, in turn, support prices -- but mainly to the benefit of rivals such as U.S. shale drillers and OPEC's more stable members, rather than Venezuela itself. (Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-11-30/opec-meeting-venezuela-will-haunt-oil-long-after-vienna; and more in Spanish: El Economista: http://www.eleconomista.net/2016/11/30/ecuador-reducira-su-bombeo-en-26000-barriles-diarios-y-venezuela-en-95000; El Universal: http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/economia/opep-acordo-recortar-produccion-petroleo_629328)

 

Economy & Finance

Venezuela's currency is in 'free fall'

It's the latest sign of Venezuela's extreme economic, political and humanitarian crisis. Sky high food prices -- or massive shortages of basic food and medicine -- have plagued Venezuelans for years and have gotten worse this year. Inflation in Venezuela is expected to rise 1,660% next year, according to the IMF. The country has been in recession for three years now.  One dollar fetched 1,567 bolivars on November 1. On November 28, a dollar was worth 3,480 bolivars on the widely-used unofficial exchange rate monitored by Dolartoday.com. "It's a currency that's going down the toilet," says Russ Dallen, managing partner at Caracas Capital Markets, an investing firm in Miami. "No one wants to hold on to something that's going to be worth 50% less in a month."  A few factors are behind the bolivar's most recent plunge. The government has been forced to pump cash into its system because the money in circulation isn't enough to pay for goods that cost a lot more. But with the value of the bolivar falling so dramatically, Venezuelans are desperately trying to exchange their bolivars for dollars, which are seen as a more a more valuable and stable currency. That's led to a scarcity of dollars. That's boosted the dollar's value versus the bolivar even more. 

1. Food prices have skyrocketed this fall as the government stopped enforcing some price controls following a food scarcity. Many vendors had stopped selling food because the price controls was forcing them to sell at a loss. Now, with the price controls gone, there's food available on supermarket shelves, but at such exorbitant prices that few Venezuelans can afford. 
2. The government recently increased the minimum wage by 40%.
3. Venezuela fully reopened its border with Colombia earlier this summer, allowing Venezuelans to go and exchange money to buy basic food and medicine. That drove up demand for dollars and more bolivars disappeared from circulation.
4. Finally, the government cut the cash requirements at banks in Venezuela, which also helped juice the number of bolivars in circulation.

Central Bank data shows liquidity grew 201% - 1.61 trillion bolivars – between September 30th and November 18th, from 3.6 trillion in November 2015 to 8.29 trillion now, an increase of 130.2%, which has caused devaluation and soaring inflation. Against this backdrop, there's no end in sight for Venezuela's cash crisis. "It's absolutely a worthless currency," says Siobhan Morden, head of Latin America fixed income strategy at NOMURA HOLDINGS. "1,000 to 2,000 to 3,000 -- it's just crazy. It's in free fall." (CNN Money: http://money.cnn.com/2016/11/29/investing/venezuela-worthless-currency/; and more in Spanish: (El Nacional, http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/gobierno-Bs-billones-economia-inflacion_0_967703387.html)

 

Venezuela will release even bigger bills to help shrink wallets

After years of soaring prices reduced the value of the largest 100-bolivar bill to just a few U.S. cents, Venezuelan authorities are finally preparing to issue larger-denomination bank notes, much to the relief of shoppers.  The notes -- 500 and 5,000 bolivars -- will be released toward the middle of next month, said a senior government official who isn’t authorized to talk about the plans publicly. Additional bills of 1,000, 2,000, 10,000 and 20,000 bolivars will enter circulation in the first half, the official said. The refusal of the authorities to issue bigger bills had forced Venezuelans to ditch wallets in favor of bags of cash for everyday transactions. Things have got so bad that some shopkeepers weigh wads of bank notes instead of counting them to save time. Venezuela’s money supply has risen 130% over the past year, according to the latest data available from the Central Bank in Caracas. On the black market, where a dollar costs more than six times as much as the weakest legal rate of 662 bolivars per dollar, the currency has slumped 65% this month alone. (Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-30/venezuelan-inflation-hits-currency-with-arrival-of-bigger-bills)

 

Venezuelan gold reserves to increase with artisanal ingots

President Nicolás Maduro has announced that the first artisanal gold ingots manufactured in the Orinoco Mining Arc, south Venezuela, would be sent to the vaults of the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV), with a view to strengthening the country’s international gold reserves. (El Universal, http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/venezuelan-gold-reserves-grow-with-artisanal-ingots_629200)

 

Politics and International Affairs

Oppositions will pull out of talks if the government does not honor commitments

The Democratic Unity (MUD) opposition coalition has formally told Vatican and UNASUR mediators that they will not attend a second meeting on December 6^th, if the Maduro regime does not honor the commitments it made at their first meeting. It says: “Any form of dialogue, meeting or negotiation is useless if there is no guarantee that both sides will honor the agreements that are reached.” Mayor Carlos Ocariz, of the Primero Justicia party, said “we have complied with all that we formally agreed to on 11-12 November, and the government has complied with nothing”. He explained that the government has disregarded the agreement to call of the Supreme Tribunal’s ruling that the National Assembly is in contempt, to replace two members of the National Elections Council (CNE), free the political prisoners, and open a route for humanitarian aid. He said the opposition had suspended the political trial of President Maduro, called off demonstrations and withdrawn 3 contested legislators from Amazonas state. It said it will not return to the negotiating table if the government doesn’t urge the Supreme Tribunal to nullify its ruling of contempt along with sentences that have restricted the National Assembly’s powers; name two new members of the National Elections Council by December 4^th, when the term of Socorro Hernández and Tania D’Amelio expires; free political prisoners and set up a bilateral Truth Commission; open a humanitarian relief channel to import food, and medical supplies; call for new elections in Amazonas state at a mutually agreed upon date, through a Supreme Tribunal sentence. If the government has not complied by December 6^th, the MUD will announce its final decision and call for constitutional, electoral, democratic and peaceful action to overcome the political, institutional, social and economic crisis Venezuela is undergoing. It adds that “the obstinate refusal of the government to comply with its part of the agreements clearly points to internal divisions that prevent them from compliance and therefore sits down to talks to gain time and fool the people….the Democratic Unity coalition wants a dialogue that has results that allow this country to constitutionally and democratically elect a national unity government that is able to stop the economic crisis, recover political governability, rebuild social coexistence, and fully respect human rights.”  More in Spanish: (El Universal: http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/politica/mud-amenazo-con-abandonar-dialogo-gobierno-cumple-acuerdos_629415)

 

Church authorities toughen stance on regime’s non-compliance with dialogue agreements

Roman Catholic Church authorities are witnessing the lack of commitment by the Maduro regime in complying with what it has offered at talks with the opposition sponsored by the Vatican and UNASUR. Monsignor Diego Padrón, Chairman of the Roman Catholic Bishops Conference, says “the government must comply with two things: freeing political prisoners and opening up a humanitarian channel to aid citizens needy of food and medicine…The Conference is not happy with the dialogue process and most of the people aren’t happy either….The people feel the government wants to control the dialogue, and the manner in which the government presents the dialogue to media transmits that negative impression”. At the same time, Jesuit father José Virtuoso, Rector of the Catholic University said “democracy in Venezuela is in a parenthesis because the government has managed elections arbitrarily. If there are no elections, dialogue must be abandoned.” More in Spanish: (El Universal: http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/politica/runrunes_629257)

 

AI urges Venezuelan authorities to stop police raids.

Human rights organization Amnesty International urged Venezuelan authorities to stop implementing anti-crime operations called Operation Liberation and Protection of the People (OLP) and to develop “plans for comprehensive citizen safety which respect human rights.” In a communiqué disclosed on Wednesday, the organization noted that security plans needed to include the broad and diverse participation of civil society and the guidance of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. “The so-called OLP has been reported by civil society organizations and individual cases of arbitrary detentions, torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment such as forced disappearances and executions carried out by officials who should be responsible for ensuring compliance with the law,” the communiqué reads, EFE reported. Last weekend, 12 bodies were found in two mass graves in the Barlovento area, northern Miranda state. They had been detained a month ago, in the context in one of the security operations in question and had no criminal record, according to Venezuelan Ombudsman Tarek William Saab. (El Universal: http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/urges-venezuelan-authorities-stop-police-raids_629426)  

 

Judge Afiuni's case to be presented at National Assembly

Following an Opinion from the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the National Assembly’s Domestic Policy Committee, headed by opposition lawmaker Delsa Solórzano, will review the case of judge María Lourdes Afiuni, who was accused of releasing businessman Eligio Cedeño. Afiuni spoke at a private hearing, and claimed her case “has revealed the horror that the country’s justice system has been turned into.” “Afiuni, who was released on parole in 2013, also said that: “Here (in Venezuela) the fear of judges prevents things from being clarified; they only follow instructions from the Executive Office. Thus, legal autonomy and independence are gone”. (El Universal, http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/judge-afiunis-case-presented-venezuelan-congress-meeting_629431)

 

As Venezuela talks stutter, detained Maduro foes languish

A hundred or so opponents of President Nicolas Maduro have been detained on accusations or formal charges of plotting to overthrow his socialist government. Their fate is high on the agenda of Vatican-brokered talks between the government and opposition, intended to halt unrest and prevent further bloodshed in a deeply divided country in the midst of a crippling recession. Though the month-long talks have been faltering, several of the detainees - whom the opposition call political prisoners but Maduro says are coup-plotters and criminals - were released as early goodwill gestures around Pope Francis' initiative. But the opposition is demanding freedom for all, raising families' hopes. "None of them should be there in the first place. They use the prisoners as hostages, bargaining chips," said Adriana Pichardo, a legislator and rights spokeswoman for the hardline Popular Will party whose members have taken the brunt of arrests. Local rights group Penal Forum lists 108 political prisoners currently, up from 11 when Maduro was elected president following Chavez's death from cancer in 2013. The opposition coalition puts the current number higher, at 135. In the last two years, there have been 6,811 politically-motivated detentions, though most of those were short-term and spiked during a wave of anti-Maduro protests in 2014, according to Penal Forum which tracks cases and offers free legal assistance. The accusations range from stashing arms and explosives, to inciting violence and hate via Twitter and political ads. Of 53 new detainees in 2016 on Penal Forum's list of political prisoners, 49 were taken after former government leaders from Spain, Panama and the Dominican Republic began promoting talks in May, the rights group said. "They free some, but they've already taken more, so where is the gain?" Penal Forum director Alfredo Romero said. "That's their game." (Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-prisoners-idUSKBN13P1YT)

 

The following brief is a synthesis of the news as reported by a variety of media sources. As such, the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of Duarte Vivas & Asociados and The Selinger Group.